DrugDigest  
 
    Search
 
  Drugs & Herbs
  Conditions
  News & Reviews
7 Steps to Safety
Check For Savings
Senior Corner
Glossary
eBulletins
Home
Express Scripts Member?

Herbs & Supplements

3-beta,5-alpha-stigmastan-3-ol
Scientific Name: Stanol
Other Names: 24-alpha-ethylcholestanol, Beta-sitostanol, Dihydro-beta-sitosterol, Fucostanol, Phytostanol, Plant Stanol, Plant Stanol Esters, Stigmastanol

References

Avery JK. Making the most of cholesterol-lowering margarines. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2001;68(3):194-196.

Ayesh R, Weststrate JA, Drewitt PN, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters, part 5: faecal [sic] short chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal [sic] bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol-ester enriched margarine. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 1999;37(12):1127-1138.

Baker VA, Hepburn PA, Kennedy SJ, et al. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters, part 1: assessment of oestrogenicity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 1999;37(1):13-22.

Becker M, Staab D, Von Bergmann K. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. Journal of Pediatrics. 1993;122(2):292-296.

Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, Nguyen TT, Morgan JM, Cater NB. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. American Journal of Cardiology. 2000;86(1):46-52.

Carson JA. Nutrition therapy for dyslipidemia. Current Diabetes Reports. 2003;3(5):397-403.

Castro Cabezas M, de Vries JH, Van Oostrom AJ, Iestra J, van Staveren WA. Effects of a stanol-enriched diet on plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in patients treated with statins. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2006;106(10):1564-1569.

Cater NB. Plant stanol ester: review of cholesterol-lowering efficacy and implications for coronary heart disease risk reduction. Preventive Cardiology. 2000;3(3):121-130.

Chen JT, Wesley R, Shamburek RD, Pucino F, Csako G. Meta-analysis of natural therapies for hyperlipidemia: plant sterols and stanols versus policosanol. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(2):171-183.

De Jong A, Plat J, Bast A, Godschalk RW, Basu S, Mensink RP. Effects of plant sterol and stanol ester consumption on lipid metabolism, antioxidant status and markers of oxidative stress, endothelial function and low-grade inflammation in patients on current statin treatment. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Epublished ahead of print. May 9, 2007.

de Jong A, Plat J, Mensink RP. Plant sterol or stanol consumption does not affect erythrocyte osmotic fragility in patients on statin treatment. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;60(8):985-990.

de Jong N, Zuur A, Wolfs MC, Wendel-Vos GC, van Raaij JM, Schuit AJ. Exposure and effectiveness of phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarines. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Epublished ahead of print. February 14, 2007.

Devaraj S, Jialal I. The role of dietary supplementation with plant sterols and stanols in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Reviews. 2006 Jul;64(7 Pt 1):348-54.

Fransen HP, de Jong N, Wolfs M, et al. Customary use of plant sterol and plant stanol enriched margarine is associated with changes in serum plant sterol and stanol concentrations in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 2007;137(5):1301-1306.

Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake. Metabolism 1999;48(5):575-580.

Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men. Journal of Lipid Research. 1996;37(8):1776-1785.

Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic [sic] NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment. Diabetologia. 1994;37(8):773-780.

Gylling H, Miettinen TA. The effect of plant stanol- and sterol-enriched foods on lipid metabolism, serum lipids and coronary heart disease. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2005;42(Pt 4):254-263.

Gylling H, Puska P, Vartiainen E, Miettinen TA. Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. Journal of Lipid Research. 1999;40(4):593-600.

Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA. Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation. 1997;96(12):4226-4231.

Gylling H, Rajaratnam RA, Vartiainen E, Puska P, Miettinen TA. Changes in serum level and metabolism of cholesterol with plant stanol esters in postmenopausal women with and without coronary artery disease. Menopause. 2006;13(2):286-293.

Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Lipid Research. 1995;36(8):1807-1812.

Hallikainen M, Lyyra-Laitinen T, Laitinen T, et al. Endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: Effects of plant stanol and sterol esters. Atherosclerosis. Epublished ahead of print. December 27, 2005.

Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI. Plant stanol esters affect serum cholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men and women in a dose-dependent manner. Journal of Nutrition. 2000;130(4):767-776.

Hallikainen MA, Uusitupa MI. Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester-containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;69(3):403-410.

Hendriks HF, Weststrate JA, van Vilet T, Meijer GW. Spreads enriched with different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic [sic] and mildly hypercholesterolaemic [sic] subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;53(4):319-327.

Hepburn PA, Horner SA, Smith M. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters, part 2: subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters: a novel functional food. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 1999;37(5):521-532.

Homma Y, Ikeda I, Ishikawa T, Tateno M, Sugano M, Nakamura H. Decrease in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein by plant stanol ester-containing spread: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2003;19(4):369-374.

Jauhiainen T, Salo P, Niittynen L, Poussa T, Korpela R. Effects of low-fat hard cheese enriched with plant stanol esters on serum lipids and apolipoprotein B in mildly hypercholesterolaemic [sic] subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;60(11):1253-1257.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

John S, Sorokin AV, Thompson PD. Phytosterols and vascular disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2007;18(1):35-40.

Jones PJH, Ntanios FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Vanstone C. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;69(6):1144-1150.

Jones PJ, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Ntanios FY, Vanstone C, Feng JY, Parsons WE. Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters. Journal of Lipid Research. 2000;41:697-705.

Katan MB, Grundy SM, Jones P, et al. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003;78(8):965-978.

Ketomaki AM, Gylling H, Antikainen M, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Red cell and plasma plant sterols are related during consumption of plant stanol and sterol ester spreads in children with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Pediatrics. 2003;142(5):524-531.

Law M. Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. British Medical Journal. 2000;320:861-864.

Lichtenstein AH, Deckelbaum RJ. Stanol/sterol ester-containing foods and blood cholesterol levels: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;103(8):1177-1179.

Martikainen JA, Ottelin AM, Kiviniemi V, Gylling H. Plant stanol esters are potentially cost-effective in the prevention of coronary heart disease in men: Bayesian modelling [sic] approach. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. 2007;14(2):265-272.

McPherson TB, Ostlund RE, Goldberg AC, Bateman JH, Schimmoeller L, Spilburg CA. Phytostanol tablets reduce human LDL-cholesterol. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2005;57(7):889-896.

Miettinen TA, Gylling H. Non-nutritive bioactive constituents of plants: phytosterols. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2003;73(2):127-134.

Miettinen TA, Gylling H. Plant stanol and sterol esters in prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a review. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2006;44(6):247-250.

Miettinen TA, Gylling H. Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols. Current Opinion in Lipidology. 1999;10(1):9-14.

Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;333(20):1308-1312.

Nguyen TT. The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters. Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129(12):2109-2112.

Nguyen TT, Dale LC, von Bergmann K, Croghan IT. Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1999;74(12):1198-1206.

Noakes M, Clifton PM, Doornbos AM, Trautwein EA. Plant sterol ester-enriched milk and yoghurt effectively reduce serum cholesterol in modestly hypercholesterolemic subjects. European Journal of Nutrition. 2005;44(4):214-222.

Normen L, Dutta P, Lia A, Andersson H. Soy sterol esters and beta-sitostanol ester as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption in human small bowel. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;71:908-913.

O'Neill FH, Sanders TA, Thompson GR. Comparison of efficacy of plant stanol ester and sterol ester: short-term and longer-term studies. American Journal of Cardiology. 2005;96(1A):29D-36D.

Plat J, Mensink RP. Plant stanol and sterol esters in the control of blood cholesterol levels: mechanism and safety aspects. American Journal of Cardiology. 2005;96(1A):15D-22D.

Plat J, van Onselen EN, van Heugten MM, Mensink RP. Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;54(9):671-677.

Puspa J, Klor HU. Plant sterols and stanols. [Article in German] Ther Umsch. 2007;64(3):153-159.

Raitakari OT, Salo P, Ahotupa M. Carotid artery compliance in users of plant stanol ester margarine. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Epublished ahead of print. March 14, 2007.

Salo P, Wester I. Low-fat formulations of plant stanols and sterols. American Journal of Cardiology. 2005;96(1A):51D-54D.

Seppo L, Jauhiainen T, Nevala R, Poussa T, Korpela R. Plant stanol esters in low-fat milk products lower serum total and LDL cholesterol. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Epublished ahead of print. January 16, 2007.

Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, et al. Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Spec Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project. Journal of Pediatrics. 2000;136(4):503-510.

Thompson PD. What's new in lipid management? Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(9 Pt 2):34S-40S.

Thompson GR, Grundy SM. History and development of plant sterol and stanol esters for cholesterol-lowering purposes. American Journal of Cardiology. 2005;96(1A):3D-9D.

Tikkanen MJ. Plant sterols and stanols. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 2005;(170):215-230.

Vorlat A, Conraads VM, Vrints CJ. Regular use of margarine-containing stanol/sterol esters reduces total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and allows reduction of statin therapy after cardiac transplantation: preliminary observations. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2003;22(9):1059-1062.

Weststrate JA, Ayesh R, Bauer-Plank C, Drewitt PN. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters, part 4: faecal [sic] concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol-ester enriched margarine. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 1999;37(11):1063-1071.

Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic [sic] and mildly hypercholesterolaemic [sic] subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;52(5):334-343.

Williams CL, Bollella MC, Strobino BA, Boccia L, Campanaro L. Plant stanol ester and bran fiber in childhood: effects on lipids, stool weight and stool frequency in preschool children. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1999;18(6):572-581.

Wolfs M, de Jong N, Ocke MC, Verhagen H, Monique Verschuren WM. Effectiveness of customary use of phytosterol/-stanol enriched margarines on blood cholesterol lowering. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2006;44(10):1682-1688.

Last Revised July 18, 2007

<< Back


Note: The above information is not intended to replace the advice of your physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. It is not meant to indicate that the use of the product is safe, appropriate, or effective for you.

In general, herbal products are not subject to review or approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are not required to be standardized, meaning that the amounts of active ingredients or contaminants they contain may vary between brands or between different batches of the same brand. Not all of the risks, side effects, or interactions associated with the use of herbal products are known because few reliable studies of their use in humans have been done.

This information is provided for your education only. Please share this information with your healthcare provider and be sure that you talk to your doctor and pharmacist about all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take before you begin to use any herbal product.

  Learn About

Who is this for?

When should I be careful taking it?

What side effects should I watch for?

What interactions should I watch for?

Should I take it?

> References



Printable Version     Recommend this page to a friend